During World War I, Jews took sides and fought on both the Allied Powers and Central Powers. Jews' loyalties to the countries they lived in were questioned. 600,000 Jews from Russia were banished with the accusation that they were working with the enemies. At the end of the war, Germans claimed that the Jews were traitors, and Ukrainian nationalists, Red Army soldiers, and Polish officials participated in anti-Bolshevik progroms againt the Jews.